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Attention, Students: Put Your Laptops Away

By James Doubek

NPR Staff

April 17, 2016

As laptops become smaller and more ubiquitous, and with the advent of tablets, the idea of taking notes by hand just seems old-fashioned to many students today. Typing your notes is faster — which comes in handy when there’s a lot of information to take down. But it turns out there are still advantages to doing things the old-fashioned way.

For one thing, research shows that laptops and tablets have a tendency to be distracting — it’s so easy to click over to Facebook in that dull lecture. And a study has shown that the fact that you have to be slower when you take notes by hand is what makes it more useful in the long run.

In the study published in Psychological Science, Pam A. Mueller of Princeton University and Daniel M. Oppenheimer of the University of California, Los Angeles sought to test how note-taking by hand or by computer affects learning.

“When people type their notes, they have this tendency to try to take verbatim notes and write down as much of the lecture as they can,” Mueller tells NPR’s Rachel Martin. “The students who were taking longhand notes in our studies were forced to be more selective — because you can’t write as fast as you can type. And that extra processing of the material that they were doing benefited them.”

Mueller and Oppenheimer cited that note-taking can be categorized two ways: generative and nongenerative. Generative note-taking pertains to “summarizing, paraphrasing, concept mapping,” while nongenerative note-taking involves copying something verbatim.

And there are two hypotheses to why note-taking is beneficial in the first place. The first idea is called the encoding hypothesis, which says that when a person is taking notes, “the processing that occurs” will improve “learning and retention.” The second, called the external-storage hypothesis, is that you learn by being able to look back at your notes, or even the notes of other people.

Because people can type faster than they write, using a laptop will make people more

likely to try to transcribe everything they’re hearing. So on the one hand, Mueller and Oppenheimer were faced with the question of whether the benefits of being able to look at your more complete, transcribed notes on a laptop outweigh the drawbacks of not processing that information. On the other hand, when writing longhand, you process the information better but have less to look back at.

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For their first study, they took university students (the standard guinea pig of psychology) and showed them TED talks about various topics. Afterward, they found that the students who used laptops typed significantly more words than those who took notes by hand. When testing how well the students remembered information, the researchers found a key point of divergence in the type of question. For questions that asked students to simply remember facts, like dates, both groups did equally well. But for “conceptual-application” questions, such as, “How do Japan and Sweden differ in their approaches to equality within their societies?” the laptop users did “significantly worse.”

The same thing happened in the second study, even when they specifically told students using laptops to try to avoid writing things down verbatim. “Even when we told people they shouldn’t be taking these verbatim notes, they were not able to overcome that instinct,” Mueller says. The more words the students copied verbatim, the worse they performed on recall tests.

And to test the external-storage hypothesis, for the third study they gave students the opportunity to review their notes in between the lecture and test. The thinking is, if students have time to study their notes from their laptops, the fact that they typed more extensive notes than their longhand-writing peers could possibly help them perform better.

But the students taking notes by hand still performed better. “This is suggestive evidence that longhand notes may have superior external storage as well as superior encoding functions,” Mueller and Oppenheimer write.

Do studies like these mean wise college students will start migrating back to notebooks?

“I think it is a hard sell to get people to go back to pen and paper,” Mueller says. “But they are developing lots of technologies now like Livescribe and various stylus and tablet technologies that are getting better and better. And I think that will be sort of an easier sell to college students and people of that generation.”

• The IMF and World Bank are the world’s two leading lending institutions, but much of their monetary assistance disappears once it enters the banking systems of developing countries. Cite concrete evidence that supports the assertion that much assistance to developing countries is simply stolen by officials. Determine other main factors that account for the misuse of these funds. Consider arguments for and against lending to developing countries by the IMF and the World Bank.

For this  paper assignment, you will be required to answer the following central question: drawing on course readings (attached fields), class lectures, and section discussions, how would you define “Asian American” as a category of social difference? That is, rather than describing “Asian American” as a homogenous or fixed biological construct, in what ways might we approach this term as a social category (re)produced over time—and one that is constituted by differences, tensions, and divergence? How have meanings affixed to “Asian American” shifted across time—and what roles have legislative policies, practices, and popular culture informed this term? Please be specific and provide concrete examples. 

5 pages min

at least 5 primary and secondary sources

12-point font, 1 inch margins, paginated, double space

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PRT 1

Keith is a consultant residing in Centervale, U.S.A., a friendly, predominantly middle-class community with a diverse ethnic make-up.  He works closely with other professionals such as speech therapists, occupational therapists, physicians, and school administrators.  As a licensed psychologist, one of Keith’s job duties is to conduct psychological and psychoeducational assessments. Results from assessments can help make decisions related to placement in special education or gifted and talented programs and development of academic and behavioral interventions.  Keith sometimes works with counselors to administer interest inventories to help students with career planning as well.

Keith has been asked to conduct an assessment of an 8-year old boy for possible learning disabilities.  Dat started attending Centervale Elementary last year and is currently in 3rd grade. He is enrolled in classes for students with English as a Second Language. His family speaks Vietnamese at home, but Dat speaks English fairly well at school. Although Keith is bilingual in English and Spanish, he does not speak Vietnamese.

Reflect on what you have learned in your readings about cultural, legal, and ethical issues related to assessment.

• Describe specific ethical issues Keith needs to consider.
• How might Dat’s cultural upbringing and language affect the results of testing?
• Considering Dat’s needs along with the ethical concerns, what should Keith do?
• Reflect on the impact of testing results. How might results from testing impact Dat’s future?

PRT 2

Assume you are planning to apply to graduate school. The admissions committee would use many selection criteria to either accept or deny your admission.

What measure do you feel would be the most valid and which the least valid for basing an admissions decision? Explain your choice. Remember to support your arguments with information drawn from the online content, the textbook, and other credible, scholarly sources to substantiate the points you are making.  Apply APA standards to writing and citations to your work.

One of the most fascinating developments in state and local government is the rise of direct democracy through popular referendum and recall elections.  Describe a popular referendum and a recall election.  Then discuss whether you think recent referendums and recall elections in California are best for the governing of the state and why.  

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.