Public health interventions (population-based)

Minnesota Department of Health. (2019). Public health interventions: Applications for public health nursing practice (2nd ed.).

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Public health interventions, defined
Interventions are actions that public health nurses take on behalf of individuals/families, communities, and systems,
to improve or protect health status (Minnesota Department of Health, 2001, p. 1).

 Surveillance is “an ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data essential to
the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice” (World Health Organization, 2018).

 Disease and health event investigation systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health
of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk, and determines control
measures.

 Outreach locates populations of interest or populations at risk and provides information about the nature of the
concern, what can be done about it, and how to obtain services.

 Screening identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in
populations.

 Case-finding locates individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them to resources.

 Referral makes a connection to necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems or concerns. Follow-up
assesses outcomes related to the utilization of the resources.

 Case management is a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation, care coordination, evaluation,
and advocacy for options and services to meet client needs. It uses communication and available resources to
promote safety, quality of care, and cost-effective outcomes.

 Delegated functions include: 1) direct care tasks a registered professional nurse carries out under the authority
of a health care practitioner, as allowed by law, and 2) direct care tasks a registered professional nurse entrusts
to other appropriate personnel to perform.

 Health teaching involves sharing information and experiences through educational activities designed to
improve health knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills (Friedman, Cosby, Boyko, Hatton-Bauer, & Turnbull,
2011).

 Counseling involves establishing an interpersonal relationship at an emotional level, with the goal of increased
or enhanced capacity for self-care and coping.

 Consultation seeks information and generates optimal solutions to perceived problems or issues through
interactive problem-solving.

 Collaboration enhances the capacity to promote and protect health for mutual benefit and a common purpose.
Collaboration involves exchanging information, harmonized activities, and shared resources (National Business
Coalition on Health, 2008).

 Coalition-building helps promote and develop alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common
purpose. It builds links, solves problems, and/or enhances local leadership to address health concerns.

 Community organizing is “the process by which people come together to identify common problems or goals,
mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the objectives they want to accomplish”
(Center for Community Health and Development at the University of Kansas, 2017).

 Advocacy is the act of promoting and protecting the health of individuals and communities “by collaborating
with relevant stakeholders, facilitating access to health and social services, and actively engaging key decision-
makers to support and enact policies to improve community health outcomes” (Ezeonwu, 2015, p. 123).

 Social marketing is a process “that uses marketing principles and techniques to change target audience
behaviors to benefit society as well as the individual” (Lee & Kotler, 2016, p. 9).

 Policy development places health issues on decision-makers’ agendas, establishes a plan of resolution,
determines needed resources, and results in laws, rules and regulations, ordinances, and policies. Policy
enforcement compels others to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies created in
conjunction with policy development.

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Public health practice levels
Public health interventions are population-based if they consider all levels of practice. The three inner rings of the
model represent this concept. The inner rings of the model are systems-focused, community-focused, and
individual/family-focused.

A population-based approach considers intervening at all possible levels of practice. Interventions may be directed at
the entire population within a community, the systems that affect the health of those populations, and/or the
individuals and families within those populations known to be at risk.

 Systems-focused population-based practice: Changes organizations, policies, laws, and power structures. The
focus is not directly on individuals and communities but on the systems that impact health. Changing systems
often impacts population health in a more effective and lasting way than requiring change from every individual
in a community.

 Community-focused population-based practice: Changes community norms, attitudes, awareness, practices,
and behaviors. This practice level is directed at entire populations within the community or occasionally toward
target groups within those populations. Community-focused practice is measured in terms of what proportion
of the population actually changes.

 Individual/family-focused population-based practice: Changes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and
behaviors of individuals and families. This practice level is directed at individuals, alone or as part of a family,
class, or group. Individuals receive services because they are identified as belonging to a population at risk.

References
Center for Community Health and Development at the University of Kansas. (2017). Community Toolbox. Strategies for Community

Change and Improvement: An Overview. Retrieved from https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/promotion-
strategies/overview/main

Ezeonwu, M. C. (2015). Community health nursing advocacy: A concept analysis. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 32(2), 115-128.
doi:10.1080/07370016.2015.1024547

Friedman, A. J., Cosby, R., Boyko, S., Hatton-Bauer, J. & Turnbull, G. (2011). Effective teaching strategies and methods of delivery for
patient education: A systematic review and practice guideline recommendations. Journal of Cancer Education, 26, 12-21. doi
10.1007/s13187-010-0183-x

Lee, N. R. & Kotler, P. (2016). Social marketing: Influencing behaviors for good. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Minnesota Department of Health. (2001). Public health interventions: Applications for public health nursing practice.

National Business Coalition on Health. (2008). Community health partnerships tools and information for development and support.
Retrieved from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/42398/Share

World Health Organization. (2018). Public health surveillance. Retrieved
http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/en/

Minnesota Department of Health Center for Public Health Practice
625 Robert Street N PO Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
651-201-3880 [email protected]
www.health.state.mn.us

July 2019. To obtain this information in a different format, call: 651-201-3880. Printed on recycled paper.